Overview
An epoch is a fixed period in proof-of-stake networks during which validators are assigned to committees and rewards accrue. It structures the timing of consensus and governance. Epoch length affects finality speed and validator operations.
How It Works
At the start of each epoch, validators are shuffled into committees and assigned to slots. Attestations from an epoch are aggregated, and rewards and penalties are processed at the epoch boundary. The schedule is deterministic.
Why It Matters
Epochs organize validator duties and make consensus predictable. They affect how quickly finality is achieved and how validator rewards accumulate. Understanding epochs helps validators and stakers plan operations.
Related Concepts
Epochs are part of Proof of Stake consensus, involving Validators, Attestations, and Slots. They relate to Checkpoints and Finality.